Reduction of the endometrial thickness in North American women (for 0.23 mm). Phytoestrogen Metabolism by Adult Human Gut Microbiota. Furthermore, soy protein has been linked to an improvement in nitric oxide production and contributes to increased arterial compliance [65]. However, the results do not seem entirely conclusive, for there are discrepancies among the studies, probably related to their experimental designs. In this line, three meta-analyses were conducted to study isoflavone consumption and endometrial cancer risk. Consequently, isoflavones can have estrogenic or anti-estrogenic effects [3]. Received 2020 Nov 30; Accepted 2020 Dec 15. They performed a separated meta-analysis for each of the interventions, including dietary soy isoflavones (including four studies), supplements and extracts of soy isoflavones (including six studies) and red clover isoflavones (including seven studies). This result has implications for granivory and perhaps plant demography in invaded and restored coastal habitats. Due to the presence of biologically active compounds, walnut was used in the . Zhong et al. Barnes S. The biochemistry, chemistry and physiology of the isoflavones in soybeans and their food products. Hormone replacement therapy has been proven to be effective in reducing vasomotor symptoms, although isoflavones have gained popularity as an alternative treatment to hormone replacement therapy to relieve menopausal symptoms. A significant 19% reduction of the risk was found at high concentrations of daidzein, but not at genistein or equol concentrations. ); sue.uhe@zelaznog.enatiam (M.G.-A. Determination of total soy isoflavones in dietary supplements, supplement ingredients, and soy foods by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection: Collaborative study. Despite the positive effect of isoflavones, the authors emphasized that the effects took a long time to appear. Menopause is characterized by a decrease in estrogen levels and is often accompanied by a range of symptoms. Similarly, Li et al. The authors found a statistical inverse association between isoflavone consumption and colorectal cancer risk in case-control studies, although not in cohort studies. As it has been stated in the Bioavailability section, microbiota composition in humans makes equol production very variable, which yields high interindividual differences. Chemical structure of 17-estradiol. Overall, evidence regarding the use of isoflavones in cancer prevention suggests that they may be useful in reducing the risk of suffering from some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, two of the types for which the association between isoflavone intake and cancer risk has been studied more in-depth. Due to its structural similarity to the estrogen-like compound 17-estradiol (Figure 1), they are referred to as phytoestrogens. Lu L.J., Anderson K.E. (2020) carried out their meta-analysis of 63 controlled trials, including 6427 postmenopausal women and concluded that isoflavones improve bone density at the lumbar spine, femoral neck and the distal radius in menopausal women [50]. (2019), included 16 prospective cohort studies involving 11,169 breast cancer cases and 648,913 participants [70]. The light of the moon also influences animals that are active in daytime. CVD: cardiovascular disease, LDL: low-density lipoprotein. However, some limitations were found in these prospective studies, such as the small sample size of the cohorts and the unspecific definition of high, moderate and low isoflavone intake. Accessibility 8600 Rockville Pike In tropical climates meat which is exposed to the moonlight rapidly becomes putrid ; and in the Indies, the negroes who will lie sweltering and unoovered beneath the full glare of a tropical sun, carefully muffle their heads and faces when exposed to the moonbeams, which they believe will cause swelling and distortion of the features, and sometimes even blindness. Li L., Xu L., Wu J., Dong L., Zhao S., Zheng Q. The most significant food source of isoflavones in humans is soy-derived products. Daily J.W., Ko B.S., Ryuk J., Liu M., Zhang W., Park S. Equol Decreases Hot Flashes in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Regarding breast cancer (Table 4), the same increase in soy isoflavone intake (10 mg/day) was related to a 9% lower risk of breast cancer mortality. Although results vary greatly, most of these applications are supported by at least a few clinical studies. Thirty-seven articles presenting evidence of the physiological effects of viewing nature were selected. In this sense, Micek et al. "It's not. In the last few decades, scientific evidence has stressed the importance of plants in the prevention and/or supportive treatment of a plethora of diseases, many of them chronic, age-associated disorders. In contrast, it seems that isoflavones do not act on central neurotransmitters directly. Regarding the effect of specific isoflavones, they suggested that genistein, alone or in combination with daidzein, improved bone density and bone turnover in women after menopause. May affect males and females differently A 2015 study of 205 people found that the full moon may affect sleep differently in males and females. Regarding this topic, three systematic reviews and three meta-analyses were analyzed (Table 2). [(accessed on 21 September 2020)]; Messina M., Nagata C., Wu A.H. Most peculiar is that moonlight exposure causes a rise in blood pressure. However, the authors acknowledged several limitations to their study, such as the small sample size in the meta-analysis (middle-aged 276 women and 209 men), and recognized that a large number of subjects as well as a lengthier intervention are needed to investigate whether supplementation of soy isoflavones actually improves these outcomes. (2019) conducted a meta-analysis where 23 prospective studies with a total of 330,826 participants were included. ; Funding Acquisition, M.P.P. Moreover, sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) allows phenolic compound-glycosylates to directly enter into epithelial cells, where they are hydrolyzed by cytosolic glucosidases [30,31]. Isoflavones Biosynthesis, Occurence and Health Effects. After the consumption of around 17 mg of isoflavones per day, the median plasma concentrations of genistein, glycitein, daidzein and equol were 245.3 ng/mL, 9.8 ng/mL, 86.8 ng/mL and 12.7 ng/mL, respectively. Isoflavone excretion occurs mainly through urine and feces, primarily in the conjugate forms, and up to 95% takes place in 24 h [43]. These positive effects were associated with 54 mg/day of genistein and 600 mg/day of synthetic isoflavone ipriflavone. Effects of isoflavones in cardiovascular disease-related markers. Taken as a whole, all these results suggest that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. (2016), nine studies addressed to menopausal women and focused on bone health were analyzed [52]. Isoflavones are phenolic compounds with a chemical structure similar to that of estradiol. The unabsorbed isoflavones reach the colon, where they are absorbed after suffering structural modifications by colonic microbiota (Figure 3). Since hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase hydrolyze triglycerides into their constituents glycerol and fatty acids, their activation results in the delivery of the fatty acids to tissues such as muscle and adipose tissue. By Marie If you're a gardener, you know that the moon cycles affect plant growth. Isoflavone content in soy-derived products is usually lower than in soybeans [17]. Regarding endometrial cancer, three prospective and five case-control studies were analyzed, which suggested a lower endometrial cancer risk associated with isoflavone consumption. Scientists not only seek supporting clues, but falsifying clues as well. Analysis of isoflavones in Foods. Nevertheless, the metabolism of formononetin and biochanin A, the main isoflavones in red clover, has been less studied due to their limited presence in foodstuffs. The improvement was greater in treatments lasting more than one year and in subjects with normal weight, probably because subjects with excessive body weight have a lesser risk of bone loss. ; WritingReview and Editing, M.P.P., S.G.-Z., I.E. Explore our digital archive back to 1845, including articles by more than 150 Nobel Prize winners. Isoflavones could be used as an alternative therapy for pathologies dependent on hormonal disorders such as breast and prostate cancer, cardiovascular diseases, as well as to minimize menopausal symptoms. government site. The six meta-analyses show a slight improvement in the frequency and intensity of hot flushes. Chen M.N., Lin C.C., Liu C.F. Professor Piazza Smyth, the Astronomer Royal for Scotland, in his interesting account of a recent scientific expedition made by him to the Peak of Teneriffe, has set at rest the vexed question of the heat of the moonlight. Arjmandi B.H., Smith B.J. Lastly, Zhang et al. van Erp-Baart M.A., Brants H.A., Kiely M., Mulligan A., Turrini A., Sermoneta C., Kilkkinen A., Valsta L.M. However, it is important to point out that the beneficial effects of soy isoflavone consumption have been exhibited by women with estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer, but not by women with receptor-positive breast cancer, who present a better prognosis [62]. However, more studies are required to provide stronger evidence. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Nevertheless, the results do not seem entirely conclusive, as there are discrepancies among the studies included in the systematic reviews and in the meta-analyses, probably related to their experimental designs. Finally, it is important to mention that despite the fact that potential isoflavone adverse effects have been widely studied, little is known about the side effect of the bacterial metabolite equol. Thus, its consumption, according to epidemiological and clinical studies, has been postulated to be related to a decrease in the risk of different diseases. (2018) revised 13 epidemiologic studies involving 178,947 participants: 7067 cases and 171,880 controls; among them, three were prospective cohort studies, and ten were population-based case-control studies [71]. (2016) also studied whether there was an association between different types of interventions and the reduction in hot flushes and night sweats [90]. In this regard, it has been reported that isoflavones have a higher affinity to the -estrogen receptor [7], which, contrary to the -estrogen receptor, inhibits cell proliferation and stimulates apoptosis [84]. Wang X., Dykens J.A., Perez E., Liu R., Yang S., Covey D.F., Simpkins J.W. Thirty-nine studies were included with a sample size of 200 women per trial, in which the intervention period ranged from two to 96 weeks (median 12 weeks). (2015) concluded that soy isoflavones have both a slight and slow effect in attenuating menopausal hot flushes [87]. Further, Chalvon-Demersay et al. (2016) reviewed seven studies and concluded that the evidence supports the fact that isoflavones, at a dose of 5020 mg/day, decrease the frequency of hot flushes [52]. Lambert M.N.T., Hu L.M., Jeppesen P.B. In another systematic review of three observational studies (including 68,748 participants), low evidence of isoflavones was shown in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases [61]. The aim of the present review is to gather the scientific evidence existing nowadays on the main beneficial effects of isoflavones on health: bone health, cardiovascular risk, cancer and menopausal symptoms. The tides are crucial to life: tidal pools, sheltered and renewed in rhythm with these cycles, catalyzed some of the first stable ecologies and still represent unique niches. In a study conducted by Karr et al., the authors analyzed the urinary excretion of genistein, daidzein, equol and O-DMA in fourteen young men and women [47]. The effect of soy isoflavones on arterial stiffness: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. (2018) showed no effect of soy isoflavones on plasma concentrations of lipoprotein a (Lpa), a low-density lipoprotein associated with increased cardiovascular risk due to its pro-thrombotic and atherogenic properties [63]. However, all the authors agree that further studies are necessary so as to confirm these results. Isoflavones (high dose: 0.675.5 mg/day; and low dose: 0.0120.1 mg/day). Sulfation of the isoflavones genistein and daidzein in human and rat liver and gastrointestinal tract. Indeed, Kim and Je (2017) indicated that a high intake of flavonoids is associated with a reduced risk of mortality from cardiovascular diseases in men and women [56]. Rienks J., Barbaresko J., Nthlings U. The increased moonlight enhances leaf growth during the new moon and second quarter. Jun S., Shin S., Joung H. Estimation of dietary flavonoid intake and major food sources of Korean adults. The authors indicated that no consensus was found regarding the protective effects of soy isoflavones (2080 mg) and equol (10 mg) on bone resorption. This finding suggests that bacterial deglycosylation contributes significantly to isoflavone absorption [32]. Lund S., Holman G.D., Schmitz O., Pedersen O. 19% reduction in endometrial cancer risk. The authors suggested that this difference could be due to different genetic backgrounds and dietary patterns among Asian and Western populations. In miso and tempeh, the aglycone form is the most abundant one [9]. Presence of four chemical forms of the three isoflavones found in soybeans. (2018) published a meta-analysis of seven prospective cohort studies (two studies from Japan with 241 cases and 503 controls, and five studies from Europe with 2828 cases and 5593 controls) [75]. The .gov means its official. Anywise, it has been observed that both isoflavones are demethylated by microbiota, formononetin to daidzein and biochanin A to genistein. As with other phenolic compounds, isoflavones can be presented as free forms (aglycones) or conjugated with carbohydrates (glycosides). Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies In the systematic review reported by Perna et al. Mace T.A., Ware M.B., King S.A., Loftus S., Farren M.R., McMichael E., Scoville S., Geraghty C., Young G., Carson W.E., et al. Indeed, they reported that an increase of 10 mg/day of soy isoflavones consumption was associated with a 7% lower risk of cancer mortality [62]. Nachvak S.M., Moradi S., Anjom-Shoae J., Rahmani J., Nasiri M., Maleki V., Sadeghi O. Soy, Soy Isoflavones, and Protein Intake in Relation to Mortality from All Causes, Cancers, and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering from some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, although further studies are needed to confirm these results. Micek A., Godos J., Brzostek T., Gniadek A., Favari C., Mena P., Libra M., Del Rio D., Galvano F., Grosso G. Dietary phytoestrogens and biomarkers of their intake in relation to cancer survival and recurrence: A comprehensive systematic review with meta-analysis. (2017) carried out a meta-analysis of 143 case-control studies, where isoflavone intake was associated with endometrial, ovarian, and breast cancers [73]. Others, however, consider such notions as prime examples of "New Age freakery". They are present in several vegetables, mainly in legumes such as soy, white and red clover, alfalfa and beans. Their meta-analysis included five studies with a total of 728 menopausal women between 50.5 and 58.5 years old and concluded that women who are not able to produce equol could benefit from equol supplementation. Soy Consumption and the Risk of Prostate Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Non-pharmacological treatments included isoflavones, which appeared to be better than placebo in the relief of vasomotor symptoms, although not significantly better than the treatment with estradiol and progesterone. Kov L., Dadkov K., Kaparovsk J., Kaparovsk T. Isoflavones. 2023 Scientific American, a Division of Springer Nature America, Inc. However, a limitation in this field is that there is still a great heterogeneity among studies. Rienks et al. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted In addition, genistein and glycitein are transformed into dihydrogenistein and dihydroglycitein, respectively, before being further converted into other metabolites. In this meta-analysis, 32 randomized controlled trials were analyzed with a sample size of 4165 women over 45 years, with a diagnosis of natural menopause. Tamura A., Shiomi T., Hachiya S., Shigematsu N., Hara H. Low activities of intestinal lactase suppress the early phase absorption of soy isoflavones in Japanese adults. Specifically, the time to achieve half of the efficacy was 11.6 weeks for soy isoflavones, while for the rest of the compounds, the onset time was near 0 weeks. Isoflavones were the phytoestrogens used in most of the studies; therefore, the meta-analysis only included outcomes regarding isoflavones, while outcomes with other phytoestrogens were not included. The authors observed that soy isoflavone consumption was inversely associated with cancer deaths. According to the results gathered in the present review, it can be stated that there is scientific evidence showing the beneficial effect of isoflavones on bone health and thus in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis on postmenopausal women, although the results do not seem entirely conclusive as there are discrepancies among the studies, probably related to their experimental designs. Moreover, the authors suggested that ethnicity could have had influenced this association, but studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm this hypothesis. With regard to the published meta-analysis, the studies included were restricted to randomized controlled trials. [12,42]. With regard to the mechanisms by which isoflavones act to reduce cancer risk, it has been suggested that the effects are due to the similarity of the isoflavone molecule to estradiol. Possible mechanism of action of isoflavones for menopausal symptoms. Focusing on the overall intake of isoflavones in humans, several studies have reported varied results. (At least not real scientists.) Yan Z., Zhang X., Li C., Jiao S., Dong W. Association between consumption of soy and risk of cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis of observational studies. The Sun ruled our heart, blood circulation and spine, while the Moon had influence on growth, fertility, breasts, stomach, uterus and menstrual flow. The authors suggested that further studies grouping subjects by isoflavone intake or by the circulating isoflavone levels might enhance this association. Sansai K., Na Takuathung M., Khatsri R., Teekachunhatean S., Hanprasertpong N., Koonrungsesomboon N. Effects of isoflavone interventions on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. He X., Sun L.M. Day A.J., Caada F.J., Daz J.C., Kroon P.A., Mclauchlan R., Faulds C.B., Plumb G.W., Morgan M.R., Williamson G. Dietary flavonoid and isoflavone glycosides are hydrolysed by the lactase site of lactase phlorizin hydrolase. Furthermore, isoflavones are able to inhibit aromatase activity, the enzyme that converts androgen to estrogen. Hua et al. From laboratory experiments, it's known that light intensities as low as 0.1 lux (approximately 0.01 foot-candle) during the night can influence photoperiodic time measurement in some plants and animals. Setchell K.D., Brown N.M., Lydeking-Olsen E. The clinical importance of the metabolite equol-a clue to the effectiveness of soy and its isoflavones. aimed to compare the effects of animal and plant-sourced proteins on lipemia . DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDJOURNALS.AOB.A087491 Corpus ID: 89019113; Effects of Moonlight on Flower Induction in Pharbitis nil, Using a Single Dark Period @article{KadmanZahavi1987EffectsOM, title={Effects of Moonlight on Flower Induction in Pharbitis nil, Using a Single Dark Period}, author={Avishag Kadman-Zahavi and Dovrat Peiper}, journal={Annals of Botany}, year={1987}, volume={60}, pages={621-623} } The gravitational attraction between the Earth and the Moon produces two bulges in the ocean on opposite sides of the Earth. Gruber C.J., Tschugguel W., Schneeberger C., Huber J.C. Production and actions of estrogens. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Concerning this issue, six meta-analyses and two systematic reviews are included in the present review (Table 5). The association between dietary isoflavones intake and gastric cancer risk: A meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Scientists often disagree about certain things. In the end, isoflavones could be useful in reducing hot flushes associated with menopause. Chen L.R., Ko N.Y., Chen K.H. Soy isoflavones and their metabolites modulate cytokine-induced natural killer cell function. Produced metabolites appear in plasma at variable concentrations and can enter enterohepatic circulation [28]. Reproductive and developmental toxicity studies have stated that 1 g and 2 g of equol per day is safe [96], although further studies are required [92]. (2016) published another systematic review of 23 randomized controlled trials to determine the effect of soy isoflavone extracts on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women [51]. THE effect of light on plant life has been the subject of many scientific investigations. Hence, plants grow faster and healthier. The authors studied all possible correlations between isoflavone consumption and the risk of breast cancer. On the contrary, a systematic review and meta-analysis reported by Man et al. Conceptualization, S.G.-Z. and A.F.-Q. . However, the authors suggested that more prospective cohort studies are needed to further investigate this association and that the quantity of isoflavone intake should be accurately measured because flavonoid contents in food can vary significantly. Moreover, even though the binding affinity of isoflavones to the ER receptors is less than that of 17-estradiol, they can also act as estrogenic compounds when the endogenous estradiol is not available [8]. Heinonen S., Whl K., Adlercreutz H. Identification of isoflavone metabolites dihydrodaidzein, dihydrogenistein, 6-OH-O-dma, and cis-4-OH-equol in human urine by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy using authentic reference compounds. , six meta-analyses show a slight and slow effect in attenuating menopausal hot flushes associated scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants mg/day. 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Physiological effects of viewing nature were selected attenuating menopausal hot flushes associated with deaths! Nine studies addressed to menopausal women and focused on bone health were analyzed, which suggested a lower endometrial risk. S. the biochemistry, chemistry and physiology of the moon also influences that!
scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants